[58] Beginning in the second half of the 1950s the pursuit by Germany itself of the German perpetrators revived interest in the site. It is not advisable for children under 14 to visit the grounds and buildings of the former camps at Majdanek, in Bełżec and in Sobibór. [2] The camp operated from 17 March 1942 to the end of June 1943. The death camp at Belzec was located in South Eastern Poland, within the Lublin District, near the remote village of Belzec, on the Lublin – Lvov railway line. Fahlbusch, Jan H., "Im Zentrum des Massenmordes. In einem Kassiber konnten sie die dortigen Häftlinge noch warnen, die auch deshalb im Herbst 1943 dort den Aufstand wagten. English: Bełżec, Lwowska Street - area of the former German-Nazi extermination camp. Bronnaja Gora | Arbejdet og senere også drabene blev ledet af 20-30 tyskere, som til dels havde deltaget i Hitlers T4-eutanasiprogram ("T4" var forkortelsen for organisationens adresse, Tiergartenstrasse 4 i Berlin). "those willing to help") in the concentration camps as guards and gas chamber operators. They can be heard weeping 'like in the synagogue', says Professor Pfannenstiel,[b] his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 19. Gerade weil es insgesamt nur vier Überlebende dieser Todesfabrik gibt, war es Moscovitz so wichtig, das Andenken der Toten zu ehren. [60], Following the collapse of the Communist dictatorship in 1989, the situation began to change. [25] To ready themselves for the communal shower, women and children were separated from men. [28] He witnessed there the unloading of 45 cattle cars crowded with 6,700 Jews deported from the Lwów Ghetto less than a hundred kilometres away,[38] of whom 1,450 were already dead on arrival from suffocation and thirst. Lorenz Hackenholt(born on June 25, 1914 in Gelsenkirchen, date of death unknown) - German Nazi in the rank of SS-Hauptscharführer. Report by the chiefs of staff on the strategic importance of the Channel Islands, 11 June 1940. The T-4 SS man and first operator of the gas chambers, Lorenz Hackenholt,[23] rebuilt an Opel-Blitz post-office vehicle with the help of a local craftsman into a small gas van. Chronologische Liste jüdischer Gemeinden, die 1942 von der SS ins KZ Belzec deportiert wurden. Raul Hilberg gave a figure of 550,000. Up to that moment, the people [locked] in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons in four times 45 cubic meters. Es ging ihm darum, zwischen Einzelschicksalen und dem nicht fassbaren Schrecken, der von den Zahlen abstrakt ausgeht, zu vermitteln.). Rudolf Reder a.k.a. Zo'n vijfendertighonderd mensen konden nu per dag vergast worden. [22], Bełżec "processing" zone consisted of two sections surrounded by a high barbed wire fence camouflaged with cut fir branches: Camp 1, which included the victims' unloading area with two undressing barracks further up; as well as Camp 2, which contained the gas chambers and the mass graves dug by the crawler excavator. Yes, I see it all and I wait. [48][49] SS personnel with work commandos turned the camp into a fake farm with one Ukrainian SS guard assigned to settle there permanently with his family. Although Holocaust witnesses' testimonies differ as to the type of fuel, Erich Fuchs' postwar affidavit indicates that most probably it was a petrol engine with a system of pipes delivering exhaust fumes into the gas chambers. The camps were situated … Wirth's house and the neighbouring SS building, which had been the property of the Polish Railway before the war, were not demolished. Thus, Y. Arad writes, that he had to rely, in part, on Yizkor books of Jewish ghettos, which were not guaranteed to give the exact estimates of the numbers of deportees. [45] This number became widely accepted in the literature. [26] The workshops for the Jewish prisoners and the barracks for the Ukrainian guards were separated from the "processing" zone behind an embankment of the old Otto Line with the barb-wire on top. [11], The Hoefle's numbers were repeated in Korherr Report suggesting their common origin. [16] The site near Bełżec was chosen for several reasons: it was situated on the border between the Lublin District and the German District of Galicia formed after Operation Barbarossa. Anfangs waren in erster Linie die Juden in Ostpolen als Opfer ausersehen, jedoch wurden später andere Gebiete und so genannte „Zigeunermischlinge“ in die Vernichtungsaktion einbezogen. 1942-08-01 Gottlieb Hering replaces Christian Wirth in Bełżec. [39], Unterscharführer Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. Der eine Teil enthielt Verwaltungsgebäude und Baracken zur Entkleidung und Lagerung des Gepäcks. Following a decision in 1997 to establish a memorial project in which the entire area of the camp will be the memorial, archaeological research was conducted in order to examine the topography of the former camp, so as to exclude areas with human remains. [60] In the late 1990s extensive investigations were carried out on the camp grounds to determine precisely the camp's extent and provide greater understanding of its operation. —Kurt Gerstein, Gerstein Report[44], In the last phase of the camp operations, all prior mass graves were unearthed by a mechanical digger. Von Bełżec aus wurden diese etwa 10.000 polnischen Juden in zahlreiche verschiedene Zweiglager verteilt und ab August 1940 überwiegend zu Erdarbeiten eingesetzt, um an der sowjetischen Grenze zwischen Bug und San Befestigungsanlagen zu bauen. The camp was situated about 1.5 miles south of the village Belzec. "[27], It is believed that some 50 Jews might have escaped from Bełżec successfully, although most of them perished before the commencement of the "Final Solution". Bełżec (pronounced [ˈbɛu̯ʐɛt͡s], in German: Belzec), was the first of the World War II Nazi German extermination camps created under Operation Reinhard. [8] Nachdem Wirth am 1. [31] They set up the San Sabba concentration and transit camp there, killing up to 5,000 prisoners and sending 69 Holocaust trains to Auschwitz. [24] The two zones were completely screened from each other and connected only by a narrow corridor called der Schlauch, or "the Tube". The last visitors are admitted to the State Museum at Majdanek and its branches in Bełżec and Sobibór one hour before the closing time. Work on the camp's construction started in the end of May 1942, and by the 22nd of July of the same year th… [5], Between 430,000 and 500,000 Jews are believed to have been murdered by the SS at Bełżec. Am Ende einer symbolischen Rampe steht ein Museumsgebäude, das die Form eines Zuges aufnimmt. Globocnik brought in Obersturmführer Richard Thomalla who was a civil engineer by profession and the camp construction expert in the SS. On March 17, 1942, started mass deportations to the death camp in Bełżec from ghettos in Lublin and Lwow. Am 15. The mechanics of Sobibor death camp were the subject of interviews filmed on location for the 1985 documentary film Shoah by Claude Lanzmann. The camp had clean sanitary facilities", "Risiera di San Sabba. See Beginning of the resistance movement in the camp. Alderney, Channel Islands: ill-treatment of Russian forced labourers. The National Archives: WO311/106. Bis mindestens 1956 war das Gelände des ehemaligen Vernichtungslagers ohne Umzäunung und unbeaufsichtigt zugänglich. [21], Wirth developed his method on the basis of experience he had gained in the fixed gas chambers of Aktion T4. [13] Seit November 1942 wurden Leichen massenhaft exhumiert und auf großen Rosten aus Eisenbahnschienen verbrannt. Author/Creator: Reder, Rudolf, 1881–", "A New Nazi War Crimes Trial – And This Time It's Personal", Museum-Memorial Site in Bełżec (official website). 13.10.1941. [8] Israeli historian David Silberklang writes that Belzec "was perhaps the place most representative of the totality and finality of the Nazi plans for Jews". [12], Am 11. [68] In 1960, Reder's testimony became part of the German preparations for the Bełżec trial in Munich against eight former SS members of the extermination camp personnel. [5] Im Dorf Bełżec selbst waren zeitweilig rund 3000 Juden auf einem Gutshof, bei einem Mühlenbetrieb und in einem Lokomotivschuppen untergebracht. 3. Bevor die Bauarbeiten begannen, wurden von 1997 an archäologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, bei denen 33 Massengräber lokalisiert werden konnten.[21]. Hering kam Ende Juli 1942 mit weiterem Personal hinzu, das vorher beim „Euthanasie-Programm“ (Aktion T4) tätig gewesen war. But it doesn't go. Roman Robak was one of only two Holocaust survivors of the Bełżec extermination camp who testified about his experience after the war. Das Lager bestand aus einer etwa 265 × 275 Meter großen Fläche, die umzäunt und in zwei Bereiche unterteilt war. [2], Die Gemeinde Bełżec gehörte während der Okkupation von 1939 bis 1945 zum deutsch verwalteten, Generalgouvernement genannten Teil Polens. Belzec, Polish Bełżec, Nazi German complex of concentration camps and an extermination camp in and near the village of Bełżec along the Lublin-Lviv railway line in the Lublin province of German-occupied Poland. De eerste gaskamers werden uiteindelijk vervangen door zes nieuwe, stenen gebouwen, die een veel grotere capaciteit hadden. [34] Józef Marszałek calculated 500,000. Fotos aus Sobibor. Le camp d'extermination de Belzec (Bełżec ; prononcé en polonais : [ˈbɛu̯ʐɛt͡s]) est le premier des trois centres destinés à l'extermination des Juifs d'Europe dans le cadre de l’Aktion Reinhard, avant la mise en service de Sobibor et Treblinka, dont il constitue le prototype.Il est aussi le premier à être doté de chambres à gaz fixes construites à cet effet. The National Archives: CAB/66/8/27. [3] It was situated about 500 m (1,600 ft) south of the local railroad station of Bełżec, in the new Lublin District of the General Government territory of German-occupied Poland. You'll see for yourself!" Of these, just one, Josef Oberhauser (leader of the SS guard platoon), was brought to trial in 1964, and sentenced to four years and six months in prison, of which he served half before being released a free man. "Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II." [14], Der SS-Hauptsturmführer Höfle, ein wichtiger Mitarbeiter Globocniks, meldete im sogenannten Höfle-Telegramm an die SS-Zentrale Anfang Januar 1943 für Belzec 434.508 Tötungen. The victims of death camps were primarily killed by gassing, either in permanent installations constructed for this specific purpose, or by means of gas vans. Work had commenced in early November 1941, using local builders overseen by a squad of Trawniki guards. In 1945 Szmul Pelc, the chair of the committee of the Jewish Committee, was murdered by local gravediggers. … [10], In the territory of the so-called Nisko 'reservation', the city of Lublin became the hub of early Nazi transfer of about 95,000 German, Austrian, and Polish Jews expelled from the West and the General Government area. Also, its remote location on the Polish-Soviet border meant that few people visited the site before the revolutions of 1989 and the return of democracy. Bełżec, Sobibor and Treblinka: the Operation Reinhard death camps. See The first successful escape. 1942-08-01 Gottlieb Hering replaces Christian Wirth in Bełżec. [4] The burning of exhumed corpses on five open-air grids and bone crushing continued until March 1943. (Zum Inhalt und der Intention: Moscovitz, Jahrgang 1969, redet immer wieder davon, dass dieser Film fast zu spät kommt. Sie sind aber unvollständig, da sich die Bebauung sowie die Lage der Massengräber in einer zweiten Ausbauphase änderte.[17]. [54], The crucial piece of evidence came from the declassified Höfle Telegram sent to Berlin on 11 January 1943 by Operation Reinhard's Chief of Staff Hermann Höfle. Treblinka, 50.37166666666723.4575Koordinaten: 50° 22′ 18″ N, 23° 27′ 27″ O, Ermordung von Behinderten im deutschen Reichsgebiet (auch Aktion T4), Artikelabschnitt Belzec im Artikel Gaskammer (Massenmord), Artikelabschnitt Aktion Reinhardt im Artikel Lorenz Hackenholt, Liste der Konzentrationslager des Deutschen Reichs, Erhalt und Instandsetzung „Kommandantur Bełżec“, Gedenkstätte Belzec - Aufnahmen vom Oktober 2010, Belzec – eine Gedenkstätte für die Opfer der Shoah. Bełżec : the Nazi camp for Jews in the light of archaeological sources : excavations 1997-1999 by Andrzej Kola ( Book ) The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Revised and Expanded Edition: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka by Yitzhak Arad ( ) [10] The first steps were taken between mid-September and mid-October 1941,[15] and the construction began around 1 November. Unlike Auschwitz, which was a death camp and concentration camp, a vast area the size of lower Manhattan, where slave labor and extermination existed side by side, Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka simply to murdered Jews. Most of them were Jewish, but there were also several thousand Roma. [3] There were many technical difficulties with the early attempts at mass extermination. Niemann dokumentierte in zwei Alben und weiteren Einzelfotos seine ganze Karriere in der SS. After the German takeover of Italy in 1943, he was transferred by Globocnik to serve along with him in his hometown of Trieste. Vom Bahnhof führte ein Eisenbahngleis zum Lagertor. Auschwitz | The German guards and the administration were housed in two cottages outside the camp across the road. Belzec | Der Film enthält keinen Kommentar. With deportations from Lublin and Lwow to the death camp in Bełżec, the Reich started extermination of Jews living in the General Government and those brought from other European countries. [15] Stephan Lehnstaedt referierte 2017 neuere Forschungsergebnisse von Robert Kuwalek und Sara Berger, die von mindestens 440.823 bis maximal 596.200 Opfern ausgehen; er selbst hält einen Schätzwert von 470.000 für realistisch. Später kamen Baracken für jüdische Häftlinge hinzu, die Kleidung sortierten und in der Wäscherei arbeiteten. The installation, resembling a railway transit point for the purpose of forced labour, was finished before Christmas. They also found 33 mass graves, the largest of which had an area of 480 m2 (5,200 sq ft) and was 4.8 m (16 ft) deep. [61], One of the prime benefactors behind the new memorial at Bełżec was Miles Lerman, an American Holocaust survivor whose own parents were murdered in Bełżec, raising approximately 5 million dollars with the help of the Polish government and the American Jewish Committee. Im Jahr 2015 wurde eine private Sammlung mit mehr als 300 Bildern aus dem Besitz des SS-Untersturmführers Johann Niemann entdeckt. Chris Webb, Victor Smart & Carmelo Lisciotto (2009), The Bełżec Death Camp. Portion of the memorial in Bełżec. The first death camps were Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór. An unknown number of prisoners jumped out from the moving Holocaust trains on the way to the camp, at their own peril. The wooden gas chambers were dismantled. Lwowska - teren byłego niemieckiego obozu zagłady (1942-43 r.) Vernichtungslager Belzec Nationalsozialistisches Vernichtungslager in Polen. Originally, the Jewish forced labour was brought into the area in April 1940 for the construction of military defence facilities of the German strategic plan codenamed Operation Otto against the Soviet advance beyond their common frontier following the Soviet invasion of 1939. [52] German historians Dieter Pohl and Peter Witte,[53] gave an estimate of 480,000 to 540,000. Die Niemann-Sammlung zu Holocaust und Nationalsozialismus. New official monuments commemorating the camp's victims were unveiled. In October 1942 the exhumation and burning of all corpses was ordered to cover up the crime on direct orders from SS-Obergruppenführer Odilo Globocnik, the deputy of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in Berlin. [4] Kurze Zeit später wurden die Sinti von Juden aus Lublin, Radom und Warschau abgelöst. Witte, Peter; and Tyas, Stephen (2001), "A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during ‘Einsatz Reinhardt 1942'". The first monuments were erected, although the area did not correspond to the actual size of the camp during its operation due to lack of proper evidence and modern forensic research. The total volume of these mass graves was estimated at 21,000 m3 (0.74 million cu ft). It was the result of direct orders from the Nazi leadership (possibly from Himmler), soon after the Soviet Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish soldiers was discovered in Russia. I can see he is afraid because I am present at a disaster. Admission to the Museum is free of charge. Trains full of people were sent to these camps, and were murdered as soon as they got there. Bereits im Mai 1940 trafen Sinti in Bełżec ein, die aus der Tschechoslowakei, Polen und Deutschland[3] dorthin deportiert wurden. Wirth received the Iron Cross in April 1944. [27] Air photo analysis suggests that these 33 mass graves were not the only graves at Bełżec extermination camp. [18] Only two months later, on 17 March 1942, the daily gassing operations at Bełżec extermination camp began with the T4 leadership brought in from Germany under the guise of Organisation Todt (OT). Any equipment that could be reused was taken by the German and Ukrainian personnel to the concentration camp Majdanek. After the camp's closure, his successor there SS-Hauptsturmführer Gottlieb Hering was transferred to Poniatowa concentration camp temporarily until the massacres of the Aktion Erntefest, and later followed Wirth and Globocnik to Trieste. They were built during Operation Reinhard (October 1941 – November 1943), whose goal was to kill all of Poland's Jews. Symbolic "death road" (portion of the memorial in Bełżec). In some graves the layer of corpses reached the thickness of ca 2,00m. [60], In the 1960s, the grounds of the former Bełżec camp were fenced off. [3] Most Jews from the corpse-unit (the Totenjuden) were killed periodically and replaced by new arrivals, so that they would neither organise a revolt nor survive to tell about the camp's purpose. [16], NS-Dokumente über das Lager, zu seiner Größe und Bebauung sind nicht überliefert. Im anderen Lagerkomplex befanden sich mehrere Leichengruben, Unterkünfte für die Juden des Sonderkommandos und die Gaskammern. Hrsg. Im Frühjahr 1943 wurden alle Spuren beseitigt, später wurde zur Tarnung ein Bauernhof auf dem Gelände angesiedelt. In 2004, Bełżec became a new branch of the Majdanek State Museum. 1942-06-01 at the beginning of June, deportations of Jews from the Kraków district to Bełżec began. [29], There were only two Jewish escapees from the camp who shared their testimony with the Polish Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi German Crimes. 1947. [5] The railway embankments used to be lined with bodies. März 1942 der erste Zugtransport mit Juden aus dem Ghetto Lublin in Bełżec ein und brachte wie die nächstfolgenden „arbeitsunfähige“ Menschen, Alte, Frauen und Kinder ins Tötungslager. Other sources, like Westermann's report,[57] contain the exact data about the number of deported persons, but only estimates of the numbers of those who died in transit. Jüdische Arbeitskommandos wurden zeitweilig in einer Stärke bis zu 500 Personen zur Beseitigung der Leichen und der Verwertung der Kleidung gezwungen; sie wurden später ermordet. [33], Bełżec camp guards included German Volksdeutsche and up to 120 former Soviet prisoners of war (mostly Ukrainian) organised into four platoons. Some local men were released. They were met by SS-Scharführer Fritz Jirmann (Irmann) standing at the podium with a loudspeaker,[24] and were told by the Sonderkommando men that they had arrived at a transit camp. Ernst Zierke im Vernichtungslager Bełżec", in: Wojciech Lenarczyk (Ed.). The successful escape took place near the village of Żłobek, where a group of prisoners worked in the forest. Of those who escaped, only seven were still alive at the war's end. See Decision to build the camp. The design was soon imitated by the other two Operation Reinhard extermination camps: Sobibor and Treblinka. You can't imagine what we find every day—dollars, diamonds, gold. The field of crushed stone serves as grave marker; the entire perimeter contains human ashes mixed with sand. Having previously overseen the construction of Bełżec extermination camp, he applied lessons learned there to Sobibor. Treblinka (pronounced [trɛˈblʲinka]) was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. [51] British historian Robin O'Neil once gave an estimate of about 800,000 based on his investigations at the site. [28] Until December 1942 at least 350,000 to 400,000 Jews were murdered in the new gas chambers. [4] The northern boundary of the planned killing centre consisted of an anti-tank trench constructed a year earlier. The Bahnschutzpolizei told him: "trains filled with Jews pass almost daily through the railway yards and leave immediately on the way to the camp. Bełżec (udtales Beu-tsjets) ... Bronislaw Czachor, blev interviewet i BBC-artiklen Poland's unknown death camp. Rubel. Retrieved 10 May 2015. "[55], The Holocaust train records were notoriously incomplete as revealed by postwar analysis by the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes against the Polish Nation. Das Vernichtungslager Belzec in Bełżec (in der heutigen Woiwodschaft Lublin) war ein deutsches Vernichtungslager, in dem in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zwischen März 1942 und Dezember 1942 nach Zählung der SS 434.508 Menschen ermordet wurden. In the first three months 80,000 people were killed and buried in pits covered with a shallow layer of earth. The Soviet trials of Russian camp personnel, held in Kiev and Krasnodar in the early 1960s soon followed. Cemented rails built in place of the original unloading ramp, lead in all directions from which the Jews were brought in. Bełżec was situated in the Lublin district forty-seven miles north of the major city of Lviv (Lvov, Lwów), conveniently between the large Jewish populations of German-occupied southeast Poland and eastern Galicia.
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