Charles’s reign opened with a 10-year regency under the queen mother, during which the government was preoccupied with combatting the ambitions of the French king Louis XIV in … Charles II of England (1630-1685) 2. Charles was baptised in the Chapel Royal, on 27 June, by the Anglican Bishop of London, William Laud. Most Englishmen now favoured a return to a stable and legitimate monarchy, and, although more was known of Charles II’s vices than his virtues, he had, under the steadying influence of Edward Hyde, his chief adviser, avoided any damaging compromise of his religion or constitutional principles. Il est le fils de la reine Henriette-Marie de France et du roi Charles Ier, exécuté au palais de Whitehall en 1649, au paroxysme de la première Révolution anglaise. Charles did not believe the allegations, but ordered his chief minister Lord Danby to investigate. King but Not. In 1648, during the Second English Civil War, Charles moved to The Hague, where his sister Mary and his brother-in-law William II, Prince of Orange, seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the royalist cause than his mother's French relations. [76] He told his courtiers, "I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such a time a-dying",[77] and expressed regret at his treatment of his wife. [53] The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as a dowry proved too expensive to maintain; Tangier was abandoned in 1684. Charles II d’Espagne, l’enfant roi malade. King Charles II and his family left London for Salisbury. Charles II was the monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Samuel Pepys on Clothes. European princes took little interest in Charles and his cause, and his proffers of marriage were declined. Academic historians have concentrated mainly on his activities as a statesman and emphasised his duplicity, self-indulgence, poor judgement and lack of an aptitude for business or for stable and trustworthy government. However, with insufficient funds voted by Parliament, Charles was forced to gradually disband his troops. [40] Charles and his brother James joined and directed the fire-fighting effort. Hutton says Charles was a popular king in his own day and a "legendary figure" in British history. 1 real 1697 l h. lima 1 real 1697 l h. lima. Charles II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Partly to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic, Charles agreed that James's daughter, Mary, should marry the Protestant William of Orange. The war did not go well, and in 1667 the Dutch fleet defeated the English navy. The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds by claiming that the king had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws passed by Parliament. 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[52] Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay to the company for a nominal sum of £10 paid in gold. Professor Ronald Hutton summarises the polarised historiography: For the past hundred years, books on Charles II have been sharply divided into two categories. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Two distinct forms of dress for men in the reign of Charles II - immediately after the monarchy restoration short jackets and frilled ribbons abounded. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway. The outbreak began in the late winter or early spring of 1665. The public blamed Catholic conspirators for the fire,[41] and one Frenchman, Robert Hubert, was hanged on the basis of a false confession even though he had no hand in starting the fire. Charles II, 1665: An Act for restraining Non-Conformists from inhabiting in Corporations. Inscrit le : 15-07-2012 Messages : 3077 . [16], Charles made the Treaty of Brussels with Spain in 1656. He persuaded his brother James to relinquish his command in the French army and gave him some regiments of Anglo-Irish troops in Spanish service, but poverty doomed this nucleus of a royalist army to impotence. On 14 May, he was proclaimed king in Dublin. The king had no legitimate children, and he was well aware that the Scots viewed with alarm the prospect of his Roman Catholic brother James succeeding him. What emperor was known as the “Little Corporal? The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Disillusioned by the Covenanters, in October Charles attempted to escape from them and rode north to join with an Engager force, an event which became known as "the Start", but within two days the Presbyterians had caught up with and recovered him. For hundreds of years the French were seen as England's main European rivals. In 1648 he made strenuous efforts to save his father; and when, after Charles I’s execution in 1649, he was proclaimed Charles II by the Scots in defiance of the English republic, he was prepared to go to Scotland and swallow the stringently anti-Catholic and anti-Anglican Presbyterian Covenant as the price for alliance. Charles raised a ragtag army from his exiled subjects; this small, underpaid, poorly-equipped and ill-disciplined force formed the nucleus of the post-Restoration army. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, and bawdy "Restoration comedy" became a recognisable genre. 4 Biographies. Power passed to five politicians known collectively by a whimsical acronym as the Cabal—Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury) and Lauderdale. [37] Charles, with his family and court, fled London in July to Salisbury; Parliament met in Oxford. [48], In 1668, England allied itself with Sweden, and with its former enemy the Netherlands, to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution. [44] The channel port, although a valuable strategic outpost, was a drain on Charles's limited finances.[e]. James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1649-1685) 3. LUXEMBOURG, Duché, Charles II (1665-1700), billon sou de Luxembourg, 1700, Anvers . Seulement quelques exemplaires frappés. Silver 5.67 g Obv. [20] Monck and his army marched into the City of London, and forced the Rump Parliament to re-admit members of the Long Parliament who had been excluded in December 1648, during Pride's Purge. Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, il n'existait pas, dans l'hi By 1674 England had gained nothing from the Anglo-Dutch War, and the Cavalier Parliament refused to provide further funds, forcing Charles to make peace. Charles II of Spain was born November 6, 1661 and became king in 1665 at the tender young age of four. [84] Diana, Princess of Wales, was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond. Above all, Charles promised to rule in cooperation with Parliament. And never did a wise one"[35], To which Charles is reputed to have replied "that the matter was easily accounted for: For that his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's". Traditional celebrations involved the wearing of oak leaves but these have now died out. Sources. [59] In 1678, Titus Oates, who had been alternately an Anglican and Jesuit priest, falsely warned of a "Popish Plot" to assassinate the king, even accusing the queen of complicity. [4] By spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. [71], Charles suffered a sudden apoplectic fit on the morning of 2 February 1685, and died aged 54 at 11:45 am four days later at Whitehall Palace. [17] The Commonwealth made the Treaty of Paris with France in 1657 to join them in war against Spain in the Netherlands. Charles II lost little time in strengthening England’s global power. Charles's coat of arms as Prince of Wales was the royal arms (which he later inherited), differenced by a label of three points Argent. Charles sold the Duchies of Nevers and Rethel in 1659 to Cardinal Jules Mazarin, t… However, the new Lord Protector had little experience of either military or civil administration. [22], The restrictions against royalist candidates and voters were widely ignored, and the elections resulted in a House of Commons that was fairly evenly divided on political grounds between Royalists and Parliamentarians and on religious grounds between Anglicans and Presbyterians. [63], The new English Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles. [15] Charles could not obtain sufficient finance or support to mount a serious challenge to Cromwell's government. Other legislation placed strict limits on the press and on public assembly, and the 1662 Act of Uniformity created controls of education. Charles's wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir; her four pregnancies had ended in miscarriages and stillbirths in 1662, February 1666, May 1668 and June 1669. [68] Protestant politicians such as the Earl of Essex, Algernon Sydney, Lord Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot. Tarì 1686. [69] Titus Oates was convicted and imprisoned for defamation. Charles II. [62], Later in 1678, Danby was impeached by the House of Commons on the charge of high treason. Danby had publicly professed that he was hostile to France, but had reservedly agreed to abide by Charles's wishes. Although Charles and Parliament granted amnesty to nearly all of Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, 50 people were specifically excluded. The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance;[32] the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited expelled non-conforming clergymen from coming within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banished. [54] In 1670, Charles granted control of the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin to the Hudson's Bay Company by royal charter, and named the territory Rupert's Land, after his cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the company's first Governor. 346-1b; Delm. He delighted and bored listeners with tales of his escape for many years. www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_ii_king.shtml From the 1660s to the 1680s, Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from … EUROPE BELGIQUE - BRABANT Charles II (1665-1700) Despite his son's diplomatic efforts to save him, King Charles I was beheaded in January 1649, and England became a republic. Ironic and cynical, Charles took pleasure in retailing stories which demonstrated the undetectable nature of any inherent majesty he possessed. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [42] On 23 June 1661, a marriage treaty was signed; England acquired Catherine's dowry of Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven islands of Bombay (the latter having a major influence on the development of the British Empire in India), together with trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies, religious and commercial freedom in Portugal and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000); while Portugal obtained military and naval support against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine. The Great Plague was London’s last major outbreak of the plague, a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis. 1665-1700, L'Espagne de Charles II, une modernité paradoxale, Jean-Claude Zancarini, Classiques Garnier. Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. Their first son was born about a year before Charles, but died within a day. The Restoration was accompanied by social change. Celui qui allait être le dernier représentant de l'illustre dynastie des Habsbourg espagnols hérite alors d'un État en grave situation de crise démographique, politique et militaire, comme ne manquèrent pas de le souligner les différents témoignages de l'époque. Charles II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. The official style of Charles II was "Charles the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. G.H. Many members feared that he had intended to use the standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism. Des milliers de livres avec la livraison chez vous en 1 jour ou en magasin avec -5% de réduction . [92] His arms as monarch were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). A merry monarch, scandalous and poor.[86]. Thus Charles emerged into precocious maturity, cynical, self-indulgent, skilled in the sort of moral evasions that make life comfortable even in adversity. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover, under which Louis XIV would pay him £160,000 each year. 11,12g Très rare Etat de conservation exceptionnel. Four or more generations of descendants of Charles II of England (1630-1685) if they are properly linked: 1. The actual terms were to be left to a free parliament, and on this provisional basis Charles was proclaimed king in May 1660. Diana's son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, second in line to the British throne, is likely to be the first British monarch descended from Charles II. [78] He was buried in Westminster Abbey "without any manner of pomp"[77] on 14 February.[79]. [103], 17th-century monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, Coat of arms of Charles II as king (outside Scotland), Coat of arms of Charles II used as king in Scotland, The traditional date of the Restoration marking the first assembly of King and Parliament together since the abolition of the English monarchy in 1649. In 1665 Charles embarked upon the Second Anglo-Dutch war in the hope of taking control of major sea routes and ending the Dutch domination of world trade. L'Espagne de Charles II, une modernité paradoxale 1665-1700. Charleston, South Carolina, and South Kingstown, Rhode Island, are named after him. [36], In 1665, Charles was faced with a great health crisis: the Great Plague of London. Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards the Netherlands. [75], On his deathbed Charles asked his brother, James, to look after his mistresses: "be well to Portsmouth, and let not poor Nelly starve". Charles lived a life of leisure at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris,[14] living on a grant from Louis XIV of 600 livres a month. [74] In the days between his collapse and his death, Charles endured a variety of torturous treatments including bloodletting, purging and cupping in hopes of effecting a recovery. En septembre 1665, le taux officiel de mortalité atteignait même 7000 victimes par semaine, nombre considéré comme largement inférieur au taux réel. [39], After a long spell of hot and dry weather through mid-1666, what later became known as the Great Fire of London started on 2 September 1666 in a bakehouse on Pudding Lane. Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started the First Dutch War (1652–1654). He followed his grandfather Charles I, Duke of Mantua, in 1637 as ruler of these lands, the first ten years under regency of his mother Duchess Maria. Charles’s reign opened with a 10-year regency under the queen mother, during which the government was preoccupied with combatting the ambitions of the French king Louis XIV in … HIS VICI ET REGNO Globe with a cornucopia and a fasces crossed above it; in field on left side AG/A and 1684. Of Charles II, Wilmot supposedly said: We have a pretty, witty king, At the end of the civil war in 1649, Charles I was executed, technically making his son … Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For doubts over his intention to convert before 1685 see, for example. Charles II entering London after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, undated hand-coloured print. Charles was one of the most popular and beloved kings of England,[1] known as the Merry Monarch, in reference to both the liveliness and hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to normality after over a decade of rule by Cromwell and the Puritans. Charles II was born at St James's Palace on 29 May 1630. This biography offers detailed information about his childhood, life, works, achievements and timeline. Charles accompanied his father during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of fourteen, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country. He was captured and executed. He was the personal patron of Sir Christopher Wren, the architect who helped rebuild London after the Great Fire and who constructed the Royal Hospital Chelsea, which Charles founded as a home for retired soldiers in 1682. Charles II, byname The Merry Monarch, (born May 29, 1630, London—died February 6, 1685, London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. 1665 (July) The Lord Mayor of London, Thomas Bloodworth, ordered all stray dogs and cats be killed since he believed that they were spreading the disease. Charles withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act, which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England,[57] but also later forced them to denounce transubstantiation and the Catholic Mass as "superstitious and idolatrous". But though the early years of tawdry dissipation have tarnished the romance of his adventures, not all his actions were discreditable. James was eventually dethroned in 1688, in the course of the Glorious Revolution. Pannuti-Riccio 11; MIR 298/2. Though not averse to his escape being ascribed to divine providence, Charles himself seems to have delighted most in his ability to sustain his disguise as a man of ordinary origins, and to move unrecognised through his realm. To lay foundations for a new beginning, envoys of the States General appeared in November 1660 with the Dutch Gift. Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)[c] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Deuxième type, à la grande couronne. Charles II, 1665: An Act for restraining Non-Conformists from inhabiting in Corporations. His subjects resented paying taxes that were spent on his mistresses and their children,[83] many of whom received dukedoms or earldoms. He never said a foolish thing, Whig Thought and the Revolution of 1688–91. 1665 (September) The plague continued with around 7,000 Londoners dying per week. It was weakness, rather than strength, that prompted this government not to summon the Cortes any more. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. His vigorous attempts to save London during the Great Fire of September 1666 could not make up for the negligence and maladministration that led to England’s naval defeat in June 1667. After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Charles's initial chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim; Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard. As a result of the Second Dutch War, Charles dismissed Lord Clarendon, whom he used as a scapegoat for the war. Fanned by a strong easterly wind and fed by stockpiles of wood and fuel that had been prepared for the coming colder months, the fire eventually consumed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St Paul's Cathedral. The prospect of a Catholic monarch was vehemently opposed by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1673). The period, which also included the reign To save Danby from the impeachment trial, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679. françoiscostes. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled without Parliament. It sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church of England and passed several acts to secure Anglican dominance. In 1672, Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all penal laws against Catholics and other religious dissenters. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. This gathered Spanish support for a restoration in return for Charles's contribution to the war against France. The English royal navy was inadequate and with the Dutch’s surprise attack on the English fleet docked on the River Thames, the venture was a failure. Test your knowledge of the history of leadership with this quiz. (Eds.). Unfortunately for him, the House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal, instead believing that he was the author of the policy. When the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile—which the Commons thought too mild—the impeachment became stalled between the two Houses. Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Today it is possible to assess him without the taint of partisanship, and he is seen as more of a lovable rogue—in the words of his contemporary John Evelyn, "a prince of many virtues and many great imperfections, debonair, easy of access, not bloody or cruel". Portugal had been helped by France, but in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 Portugal was abandoned by its French ally. Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, he formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. )", "Charles II, 1672: An Act for preventing Dangers which may happen from Popish Recusants", "Charles II, 1678: (Stat. Etat de conservation: B à TB /TB. [18] At the Battle of the Dunes in 1658, as part of the larger Spanish force, Charles's army of around 2,000 clashed with Commonwealth troops fighting with the French. Le petit Charles, alors qu’il accède au trône à l’âge de quatre ans, il est tout maigre, très faible avec disons-le des capacités intellectuelles et physiques très limitées. The death toll reached a peak of 7,000 per week in the week of 17 September. Clyde L. Gros, "The Anglo-Portuguese Marriage of 1662". [25], In the latter half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his youngest brother, Henry, and sister, Mary, of smallpox. Printed by John Bill and Christopher Barker, printers to the Kings most Excellent Majesty 1; Printed by Leonard Lichfield, printer to the University, for John Bill and Christopher Barker, printers to the Kings most excellent majesty 1 Charles II became King of Spain at the age of three, after his father died in 1665. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were subjected to the indignity of posthumous decapitations. His other mistresses included Moll Davis, Nell Gwyn, Elizabeth Killigrew, Catherine Pegge, Lucy Walter and Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. À la mort de son père Philippe IV, en 1665, c'est un Charles II âgé de quatre ans qui accède au trône d'Espagne. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin King Louis XIV of France. The years of his reign are known in English history as the Restoration period. [70], Thus through the last years of Charles's reign, his approach towards his opponents changed, and he was compared by Whigs to the contemporary Louis XIV of France, with his form of government in those years termed "slavery". D/ B. cuirassé à d., les cheveux longs, portant le collier de la Toison d''or. Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5, 1628-80. [3] At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, along with several other associated titles. Whose word no man relies on, He was destitute and friendless, unable to bring pressure against an increasingly powerful England. But George Monck, one of Cromwell’s leading generals, realized that under Cromwell’s successors the country was in danger of being torn apart and with his formidable army created the situation favourable to Charles’s restoration in 1660. Although the Parliament voted the king an estimated annual income of £1,200,000, Charles had to wait many years before his revenues produced such a sum, and by then the damage of debt and discredit was irreparable. [12][d], Under the Instrument of Government passed by Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule. By the end of the battle Charles's force was about 1,000 and with Dunkirk given to the English the prospect of a Royalist expedition to England was dashed. autres monnaies etrangeres chili. [28], The English Parliament granted him an annual income to run the government of £1.2 million,[29] generated largely from customs and excise duties. lettre d'essayeur : h. calico 596. The final phase of Charles II's reign was taken up mainly with attempts to settle religious dissension. King Charles II 1660-1685 Restoration Stuart Costume. 2.) [47] Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). [6] However, the royalist fleet that came under Charles's control was not used to any advantage, and did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the royalist Engager army of the Duke of Hamilton before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston by the Parliamentarians. Charles reluctantly promised that he would abide by the terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda, and support the Solemn League and Covenant, which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain. While Danby seems to have been rightly sceptical about Oates's claims, the Cavalier Parliament took them seriously. The power of the Cabal waned and that of Clifford's replacement, Lord Danby, grew. The Long Parliament dissolved itself and there was a general election for the first time in almost 20 years. Essex slit his own throat while imprisoned in the Tower of London; Sydney and Russell were executed for high treason on very flimsy evidence; and the Duke of Monmouth went into exile at the court of William of Orange.
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