The bones were collected and crushed. The camps were situated … In 2004, Bełżec became a new branch of the Majdanek State Museum. The first one, from 17 March to the end of June 1942 was marked by the existence of smaller gas chambers housed in barracks made of planks and insulated with sand and rubber. He shows how the Nazis exterminated two million … [4] The northern boundary of the planned killing centre consisted of an anti-tank trench constructed a year earlier. Gedreht hat er vom Stativ und das erinnert an Claude Lanzmanns „Shoah“, das ihn beeinflusst hat. [35][36], The more detailed description of how the gas chambers at Bełżec were managed came in 1945 from Kurt Gerstein, Head of the Technical Disinfection Services who used to deliver Zyklon B to Auschwitz from the company called Degesch during the Holocaust. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Admission to the Museum is free of charge. Soon, following the example of Bełżec, camps in Sobibór and Treblinka were established. [11] In einer zweiten Phase ab August 1942 wurden Juden aus dem gesamten Generalgouvernement als Opfer herangeschafft. At Katyn, the German-led exhumations by the international Katyn Commission revealed details of the mass murder by examining preserved bodies. [3][6] This makes it the third-deadliest extermination camp, exceeded only by Treblinka and Auschwitz. In 1945 Szmul Pelc, the chair of the committee of the Jewish Committee, was murdered by local gravediggers. [21], Wirth developed his method on the basis of experience he had gained in the fixed gas chambers of Aktion T4. "those willing to help") in the concentration camps as guards and gas chamber operators. [16], NS-Dokumente über das Lager, zu seiner Größe und Bebauung sind nicht überliefert. The gassing installation was imperfect and usually only one or two rooms were working, causing a backlog. Le camp d'extermination de Belzec (Bełżec ; prononcé en polonais : [ˈbɛu̯ʐɛt͡s]) est le premier des trois centres destinés à l'extermination des Juifs d'Europe dans le cadre de l’Aktion Reinhard, avant la mise en service de Sobibor et Treblinka, dont il constitue le prototype.Il est aussi le premier à être doté de chambres à gaz fixes construites à cet effet. Den anderen Angeklagten billigte das Landgericht einen Putativnotstand zu und setzte sie im Januar 1964 außer Verfolgung. Even though Zyklon B became broadly available later on, Wirth decided against it. Fotos aus Sobibor. [12], Am 11. [34] They provided the bulk of Wachmänner collaborators in all major killing sites of the "Final Solution". At first, the camp's guards used carbon monoxide to kill the prisoners. See Beginning of the resistance movement in the camp. Zo'n vijfendertighonderd mensen konden nu per dag vergast worden. Wirth kam in der zweiten Dezemberhälfte 1941 vor Ort an und führte im Februar 1942 erste „Probevergasungen“ mit einem selbst erbauten Gaswagen und in einer Gaskammer mit Kohlenstoffmonoxidgas und Motorabgasen durch. Skizzen zur Anordnung der Lageranlagen wurden erst nach dem Krieg von Zeitzeugen angefertigt. The National Archives: CAB/66/8/27. The installation, resembling a railway transit point for the purpose of forced labour, was finished before Christmas. The team identified the railway sidings and remains of a number of buildings. As the number of visitors to Poland interested in Holocaust sites increased, more of them came to Bełżec. [12] The Burggraben project was abandoned with the onset of Operation Barbarossa. Lorenz Hackenholt survived the defeat of Germany, but disappeared in 1945 without a trace. The death camp at Belzec was located in South Eastern Poland, within the Lublin District, near the remote village of Belzec, on the Lublin – Lvov railway line. Unlike Auschwitz, which was a death camp and concentration camp, a vast area the size of lower Manhattan, where slave labor and extermination existed side by side, Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka simply to murdered Jews. This number became widely accepted in the literature. [14], The decision to begin work on the first stationary gas chambers in the General Government preceded the actual Wannsee Conference by three months. vom Bildungswerk Stanisław Hantz e.V. [3], The Bełżec history can be divided into two (or three) periods of operation. Bełżec fell within the German zone of occupation in accordance with the German-Soviet Pact against Poland. Bełżec's three gas chambers began operating officially on … Michael Tregenza stated that it would have been possible to have buried up to one million victims on the site although the true death toll is probably around half that number. Zaglada Zydów. [3] At times, a handful of Jews were selected at the ramp to perform all the manual work involved with extermination. The first death camps were Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór. Anfangs waren in erster Linie die Juden in Ostpolen als Opfer ausersehen, jedoch wurden später andere Gebiete und so genannte „Zigeunermischlinge“ in die Vernichtungsaktion einbezogen. Niemann dokumentierte in zwei Alben und weiteren Einzelfotos seine ganze Karriere in der SS. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. [9] Im Rahmen der „Aktion Reinhardt“ traf am 17. You can't imagine what we find every day—dollars, diamonds, gold. Lorenz Hackenholt(born on June 25, 1914 in Gelsenkirchen, date of death unknown) - German Nazi in the rank of SS-Hauptscharführer. 13.10.1941. Gerade weil es insgesamt nur vier Überlebende dieser Todesfabrik gibt, war es Moscovitz so wichtig, das Andenken der Toten zu ehren. Up to that moment, the people [locked] in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons in four times 45 cubic meters. In einem Kassiber konnten sie die dortigen Häftlinge noch warnen, die auch deshalb im Herbst 1943 dort den Aufstand wagten. Alderney, Channel Islands: ill-treatment of Russian forced labourers. [10] One Wehrmacht sergeant at the train station in Rzeszow, Wilhelm Cornides, recorded in his diary a conversation with a German policeman on 30 August 1942. 2004 wurde eine neue Gedenkstätte nach Entwürfen der polnischen Bildhauer Andrzej Sołyga, Zdzisław Pidek und Marcin Roszczyk eröffnet, die die Topografie des Lagers und der Vernichtungsmaschinerie dort aufzeigt, wo bis dahin nur planierte Erde zu sehen war. [65], All graves discovered by archaeologists contained large amounts of human cremation remains, and 10 graves also contained unburned human remains, which Prof. Kola described as follows: "Deposition of corpses in the water-bearing layers or in very damp structure of the ground just above that layer, with the difficulty of air penetration, because of the depth, caused the changes of the deposited bodies into adipocere. Sobibór, along with Bełżec and Treblinka, is one of the three Nazi death camps designed to murder the Jews who arrived there immediately upon arrival, and it is hard to find. 1942-03-17 mass deportations from the ghettos in Lublin and Lviv to the death camp in Bełżec began. und der Forschungsstelle Ludwigsburg der Universität Stuttgart, Metropol-Verlag, Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-86331-506-1. After 2 hours and 49 minutes—the stopwatch recorded it all—the diesel started. Bełżec (pronounced [ˈbɛu̯ʐɛt͡s], in German: Belzec), was the first of the World War II Nazi German extermination camps created under Operation Reinhard. It could "process" the Jews of both regions. Kulmhof | He was, therefore, an obvious choice to be the first commandant of the first stationary extermination camp of Operation Reinhard in the General Government. [24] The two zones were completely screened from each other and connected only by a narrow corridor called der Schlauch, or "the Tube". Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}50°22′18″N 23°27′27″E / 50.37167°N 23.45750°E / 50.37167; 23.45750, Belzec (English: /ˈbɛl.zɛk/ or /ˈbɛw.ʒɛts/, Polish: [ˈbɛu̯ʐɛt͡s]) was a Nazi German extermination camp built by the SS for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to eradicate Polish Jewry, a key part of the "Final Solution" which entailed the murder of some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. Archive 2. It was published in 2001 by Stephen Tyas and Peter Witte. Zyklon B was produced by a private firm for both Birkenau, and Majdanek nearby, but their infrastructure differed. The mechanics of Sobibor death camp were the subject of interviews filmed on location for the 1985 documentary film Shoah by Claude Lanzmann. The Bahnschutzpolizei told him: "trains filled with Jews pass almost daily through the railway yards and leave immediately on the way to the camp. Vom Konzentrationslager Esterwegen, über die Verbrechen der sogenannten „Euthanasie“ bis zur „Aktion Reinhard“ in Belzec und Sobibor, wo er maßgeblich für die Umsetzung des Mordprogramms verantwortlich war. [a] The people wait inside the gas chambers. Anita Ekstein was born in the Lviv area and was hidden as a child by Righteous Poles during the Holocaust. [11] The prisoners were put to work by the Schutzstaffel (SS) in the construction of anti-tank ditches (Burggraben) along the transitory Nazi-Soviet border. Januar 1965 zu vier Jahren und sechs Monaten Zuchthaus wegen Beihilfe zum gemeinschaftlichen Mord in 300.000 Fällen verurteilt wurde. "Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II." The total volume of these mass graves was estimated at 21,000 m3 (0.74 million cu ft). The first monuments were erected, although the area did not correspond to the actual size of the camp during its operation due to lack of proper evidence and modern forensic research. Lagerkommandant von Bełżec war ab Dezember 1941 der SS-Hauptsturmführer Christian Wirth, der bereits an der Ermordung von Behinderten im deutschen Reichsgebiet (auch Aktion T4) führend beteiligt war. Am Ende einer symbolischen Rampe steht ein Museumsgebäude, das die Form eines Zuges aufnimmt. Die Bilder zeigen zudem erstmals den 2011 in München verurteilten Trawniki-Mann Iwan Demjanjuk auf dem Lagergelände in Sobibor. In the 1990s the camp appeared badly neglected, even though it was cleaned by students from Bełżec school. Captain Wirth comes up. Also, its remote location on the Polish-Soviet border meant that few people visited the site before the revolutions of 1989 and the return of democracy. See Decision to build the camp. Bełżec was the first killing centre of Operation Reinhard. [11], The Hoefle's numbers were repeated in Korherr Report suggesting their common origin. [52] German historians Dieter Pohl and Peter Witte,[53] gave an estimate of 480,000 to 540,000. Die drei Lager wurden in abgelegenen Gebieten errichtet und verfügten über Gleisanschlüsse, so dass eine große Anzahl Menschen ohne größeres Aufsehen dorthin gebracht und getötet werden konnte. Raul Hilberg gave a figure of 550,000. Unloading ramp and cremation rails (historical artefacts). … The two camps were connected by a narrow corridor called der Schlauch, or "Tube". Der Film enthält keinen Kommentar. Yitzhak Aradaccepted 600,000 as minimum, and the sum in his table of Bełżec … Im Jahr 2015 wurde eine private Sammlung mit mehr als 300 Bildern aus dem Besitz des SS-Untersturmführers Johann Niemann entdeckt. [53] The camp had ceased to operate for mass killings by then. Während anfangs maximal 15 Güterwaggons gleichzeitig „abgefertigt“ werden konnten, waren es nach den Erweiterungen der zweiten Phase 40 Güterwaggons. In some graves the layer of corpses reached the thickness of ca 2,00m. [3][13] On 13 October 1941, Heinrich Himmler gave the SS-and-Police Leader of Lublin, SS Brigadeführer Odilo Globočnik an order to start Germanizing the area around Zamość,[10] which entailed the removal of Jews from the areas of future settlement. It was his proposal to use the exhaust gas emitted by the internal-combustion engine of a motorcar as the killing agent instead of the bottled carbon monoxide, because no delivery from outside the camp would be required as in the case of the T-4 method. [18] Christian Wirth had been a killing expert from the beginning as participant of the first T-4 gassing of handicapped people at the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre. Of these, just one, Josef Oberhauser (leader of the SS guard platoon), was brought to trial in 1964, and sentenced to four years and six months in prison, of which he served half before being released a free man. [1] Das Lager Belzec entstand während des Zweiten Weltkrieges neben Sobibór und Treblinka als erstes der drei Vernichtungslager im Rahmen der „Aktion Reinhardt“. 20.07.1943 The first successful escape. [34] The Deutsche Reichsbahn calculations were predetermined with the carrying capacity of each trainset set up at 50 boxcars, each loaded with 50 prisoners, which was routinely disregarded by the SS cramming trains up to 200% capacity for the same price. An unknown number of prisoners jumped out from the moving Holocaust trains on the way to the camp, at their own peril. English: Bełżec, Lwowska Street - area of the former German-Nazi extermination camp. They were told that they were being evacuated to Germany instead. They can be heard weeping 'like in the synagogue', says Professor Pfannenstiel,[b] his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. The Reinhard death camps adapted progressively as each new site was built. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. [26] The workshops for the Jewish prisoners and the barracks for the Ukrainian guards were separated from the "processing" zone behind an embankment of the old Otto Line with the barb-wire on top. For the nearby village, see, Bełżec mausoleum. Juni 2020 um 14:47 Uhr bearbeitet. [47] All corpses buried at Bełżec were secretly exhumed and then gradually cremated on long open-air pyres, part of the country-wide plan known as the Sonderaktion 1005. In early 1940 the Germans set up a number of labour camps in and around Belzec, housing workers building the so-called “Otto Line,” a series of fortifications on the border with the Soviet Union. [10], In the territory of the so-called Nisko 'reservation', the city of Lublin became the hub of early Nazi transfer of about 95,000 German, Austrian, and Polish Jews expelled from the West and the General Government area. [8] The lack of viable witnesses who could testify about the camp's operation is the primary reason why Bełżec is so little-known despite the enormous number of victims. Schülerprojekte und Bildungsmaterial zum ehemaligen KZ Belzec (, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vernichtungslager_Belzec&oldid=201123401, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“. Globocnik brought in Obersturmführer Richard Thomalla who was a civil engineer by profession and the camp construction expert in the SS. Einer dieser Deportierten, Gottfried Weiß aus Hamburg, berichtete, dass sie dort den Zaun für ein geplantes Arbeitslager zogen. The design was soon imitated by the other two Operation Reinhard extermination camps: Sobibor and Treblinka. [10], Innerhalb der nächsten vier Wochen wurden 75.000 Juden umgebracht, danach die Transporte vorübergehend eingestellt. The original three gas chambers were insufficient for completing the task at hand. The gassing itself, which took about 30 minutes, was conducted by Hackenholt with the Ukrainian guards and a Jewish aide. In the first three months 80,000 people were killed and buried in pits covered with a shallow layer of earth. [67], Rudolf Reder summarised his account of the Bełżec camp imprisonment in the book Bełżec, published in 1946 by the Jewish Historical Committee in Kraków with Preface by Nella Rost, his editor and literary helper. Belzec, Polish Bełżec, Nazi German complex of concentration camps and an extermination camp in and near the village of Bełżec along the Lublin-Lviv railway line in the Lublin province of German-occupied Poland. 1942-03-17 mass deportations from the ghettos in Lublin and Lviv to the death camp in Bełżec began. Studies and Materials) 3 (2007): 188", Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, "The Construction of the Belzec Extermination Camp", "Aktion Reinhard and the Emergence of 'The Final Solution, "The 'Disappearance' of SS-Hauptscharfuhrer Lorenz Hackenholt. The last visitors are admitted to the State Museum at Majdanek and its branches in Bełżec and Sobibór one hour before the closing time. [60] In the late 1990s extensive investigations were carried out on the camp grounds to determine precisely the camp's extent and provide greater understanding of its operation. Having previously overseen the construction of Bełżec extermination camp, he applied lessons learned there to Sobibor. Das Lager Belzec entstand während des Zweiten Weltkrieges neben Sobibór und Treblinka als erstes der drei Vernichtungslager im Rahmen der „Aktion Reinhardt“. Auschwitz | He managed to escape in November 1942, and after the war wrote an account of his life in the camp Altogether, 600 000 people were murdered in the Bełżec camp during a period of seven months. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. Der eine Teil enthielt Verwaltungsgebäude und Baracken zur Entkleidung und Lagerung des Gepäcks. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Bełżec and, This page was last edited on 20 December 2020, at 20:31. However, Wirth decided that the comparable technology of mobile gas vans used at Chełmno extermination camp before December 1941 (and by the Einsatzgruppen in the East),[20] had proven insufficient for the projected number of victims from the Holocaust trains arriving at the new railway approach ramp. Polski: Bełżec, ul. 1942-06-01 at the beginning of June, deportations of Jews from the Kraków district to Bełżec began. Das Vernichtungslager Bełżec wurde unabhängig davon wesentlich später abseits auf einer Lichtung errichtet.[6]. The process was conducted as quickly as possible amid constant screaming by the Germans. Das Lager bestand aus einer etwa 265 × 275 Meter großen Fläche, die umzäunt und in zwei Bereiche unterteilt war. The successful escape took place near the village of Żłobek, where a group of prisoners worked in the forest. [64], From late 1997 until early 1998, a thorough archaeological survey of the site was conducted by a team led by two Polish scientists including Andrzej Kola, director of the Underwater Archaeological Department at the University of Toruń, and Mieczysław Góra, senior curator of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź (pl). The camp was situated about 1.5 miles south of the village Belzec. Buildings constructed after the war on the camp grounds were removed. Originally, the Jewish forced labour was brought into the area in April 1940 for the construction of military defence facilities of the German strategic plan codenamed Operation Otto against the Soviet advance beyond their common frontier following the Soviet invasion of 1939. Bełżec extermination camp, the model for two others in the Aktion Reinhard murder program, started as a labor camp in April 1940, in the course of the Burggraben-project attached to the Lublin reservation in the same area: the reservation was to serve as a pool for forced labour exploited by vario… Majdanek | Es ging ihm darum, zwischen Einzelschicksalen und dem nicht fassbaren Schrecken, der von den Zahlen abstrakt ausgeht, zu vermitteln.). [60], Following the collapse of the Communist dictatorship in 1989, the situation began to change. [16] The site near Bełżec was chosen for several reasons: it was situated on the border between the Lublin District and the German District of Galicia formed after Operation Barbarossa. [8] Israeli historian David Silberklang writes that Belzec "was perhaps the place most representative of the totality and finality of the Nazi plans for Jews". [3] Most Jews from the corpse-unit (the Totenjuden) were killed periodically and replaced by new arrivals, so that they would neither organise a revolt nor survive to tell about the camp's purpose. Erst Ende 1963 wurde ein erstes Denkmal mit der Tafelinschrift „Zur Erinnerung an die Opfer des Hitlerterrors“ errichtet, das den Hinweis auf die jüdischen Opfer vermied. [32], The historian Eugeniusz Szrojt in his 1947 study published by the Bulletin of the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce, 1947) following an investigation by GKBZNwP which began in 1945, estimated the number of people murdered in Bełżec at 600,000. Although Holocaust witnesses' testimonies differ as to the type of fuel, Erich Fuchs' postwar affidavit indicates that most probably it was a petrol engine with a system of pipes delivering exhaust fumes into the gas chambers. Located along the Lublin-Lvov railway line, the killing center was only 1,620 feet (less than a half mile) from the Belzec … Retrieved 10 May 2015. 1995 unterzeichnete das American Jewish Committee in Warschau einen Vertrag über eine neue Gedenkstätte. 1963 kam es in München zum Belzec-Prozess gegen Einzeltäter, von denen nur Josef Oberhauser am 21. Any Jews kept alive in the camps were dedicated expediting this process. The six extermination camps were Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. They were met by SS-Scharführer Fritz Jirmann (Irmann) standing at the podium with a loudspeaker,[24] and were told by the Sonderkommando men that they had arrived at a transit camp. [18] Wirth had the leading position as the supervisor of six extermination hospitals in the Reich; Hering was the non-medical chief of the Sonnenstein gassing facility in Saxony as well as at the Hadamar Euthanasia Centre. Jüdische Arbeitskommandos wurden zeitweilig in einer Stärke bis zu 500 Personen zur Beseitigung der Leichen und der Verwertung der Kleidung gezwungen; sie wurden später ermordet. Hrsg. They are also a source of information about prisoners. The labor camp and, later the killing center, were located between the cities of Zamosc and Lvov (today Lviv), about 70 miles southeast of Lublin. A Polish Tune, 11 minute video that portrays accurately what happened. Bronnaja Gora | Hering kam Ende Juli 1942 mit weiterem Personal hinzu, das vorher beim „Euthanasie-Programm“ (Aktion T4) tätig gewesen war. [17][18], The "Final Solution" was formulated at Wannsee in late January 1942 by the leading proponents of gassing (who were unaware of Bełżec's existence),[7] including Wilhelm Dolpheid, Ludwig Losacker, Helmut Tanzmann and Governor Otto Wächter. —Kurt Gerstein, Gerstein Report[44], In the last phase of the camp operations, all prior mass graves were unearthed by a mechanical digger. Von Bełżec aus wurden diese etwa 10.000 polnischen Juden in zahlreiche verschiedene Zweiglager verteilt und ab August 1940 überwiegend zu Erdarbeiten eingesetzt, um an der sowjetischen Grenze zwischen Bug und San Befestigungsanlagen zu bauen. Bełżec, Sobibor and Treblinka: the Operation Reinhard death camps. [10] The first steps were taken between mid-September and mid-October 1941,[15] and the construction began around 1 November. [39], Unterscharführer Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. [7] Dieses Lager in Bełżec war das erste von drei Vernichtungslagern der „Aktion Reinhardt“, die allein zur physischen Vernichtung von Menschen bestimmt waren. They were Rudolf Reder and Chaim Hirszman. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (Internet Archive). Hitler wanted to kill all of Europe's 11 million Jews. [60], In the 1960s, the grounds of the former Bełżec camp were fenced off. [56] The difference between the "low-end" figure and other estimates can be explained by the lack of exact and detailed sources on the deportations statistics. Chris Webb, Victor Smart & Carmelo Lisciotto (2009), The Bełżec Death Camp.
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