[895] However, according to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,000–1.2 million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. [202] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. Cette bureaucratisation a progressivement confisqué le pouvoir des mains des soviet⦠[902] The American historian Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 summarised modern data, made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s, and concludes that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9 million deaths, with 6 million of these being deliberate killings. [205] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [678] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[679] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. With James Norton, Vanessa Kirby, Peter Sarsgaard, Joseph Mawle. [663] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation" as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. [723] According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. [572] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. [45], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at a Tiflis observatory. [440] His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians. [690] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [207] At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. [137], Stalin's article, Marxism and the National Question,[138] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[139] Lenin was pleased with it. [344] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[345] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [714] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. Le ministre chargé de la politique extérieure prend le titre de commissaire du peuple aux Affaires étrangères. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group—although not Stalin—were apprehended by the authorities. [833], According to Montefiore, in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend". [233] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behavior in the Polish–Soviet war. [343], Many of the major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. [653] He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and leeches were applied to him. [468] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[469] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. [204], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [889] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[889] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. [719] In private he used coarse language, although avoided doing so in public. [322] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. [717] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [317] At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. [55] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who established the Soviet Union as a major world power. There were mass expulsions from the party,[427] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. [676] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[676] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. [609] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. [935][936] In early 2010 a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine;[907] in December unknown persons cut off its head and in 2011 it was destroyed in an explosion. [328] [497] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. [849] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[850] and was also very fond of Artyom. [789] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. [613], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [756] After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [414] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [910] Within Ukraine, ethnic Poles and Bulgarians died in similar proportions to ethnic Ukrainians. [454] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. [855] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. [496] Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. [749] As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas;[750] he disliked travel,[751] and refused to travel by plane. [882] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. [569] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. [426] Par Philippe Manche. [171] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. [686] Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figure—akin to a Tsar—whom they could rally around. Les années précédentes, son Reich était en expansion constante : l'Anschluss de l'Autriche (mars 1938), l'annexion des Sudètes en Tchécoslovaquie (septembre 1938), l'occupation des restes de la Tchécoslovaquie (mars 1939). [20] Although he got into many fights,[21] Stalin excelled academically,[22] displaying talent in painting and drama classes,[23] writing his own poetry,[24] and singing as a choirboy. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [582], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[583] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. 1922 1926 1928 1930 1934 30 décembre 1922 Naissance de lâURSS 30 avril 1922 Staline secrétaire général du parti communiste 1928 [926] In the 2008 Name of Russia television show, Stalin was voted as the third most notable personality in Russian history. [352] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. In 1952, Stalin's last book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, was published. [119] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libya—recently liberated from Italian occupation—to become a Soviet protectorate. [580] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. [129] Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda. A Welsh journalist breaks the news in the ⦠[494] Stalin issued Order No. [641] In November, the Slánský trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [184] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[185] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. [376] Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. [835] Montefiore noted that Stalin's favoured types were "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women",[835] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [335] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[336] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [137] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[140] a name he had used since 1912. [612], In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. [467] Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. [592] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [300], Stalin was now the party's supreme leader,[301] although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. [607] In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Poręba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. [765] He was a hard worker,[766] and displayed a keen desire to learn;[767] when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. This attack proved unsuccessful. Après la mort de Lénine en 1924, Staline qui est le secrétaire du Parti communiste depuis avril 1922 sâempare du pouvoir avec lâaide de la police politique la « Tcheka » et exile Trotski qui est son principal rival. [433], During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad;[434] in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. [36], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[37] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done?. [684], As a Marxist and an extreme anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. [614] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. 6 December] 1878[2] – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. [507] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [375] [116] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[117] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [820] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. [735] To appear taller, he wore stacked shoes, and stood on a small platform during parades. [79] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[80] raided government arsenals,[81] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. Le premier ouvre de 4â . Le principal rival de Staline est Trotski, mais il lâélimine en le bannissant de lâURSS en 1929 et le fait assassiner au Mexique en 1940. [518] Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. [556] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [200] Stalin thought it necessary because—unlike Lenin—he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. À quatorze ans, il est envoyé dans un monastère orthodoxe à Tiflis pour y devenir prêtre comme le souhaite sa mère, qui était une femme très pieuse. 16:38. [324] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. [908] These have articulated the view that—while Stalin's policies contributed significantly to the high mortality rate—there is no evidence that Stalin or the Soviet government consciously engineered the famine. Câest ainsi que, le 25 décembre 1946, le procureur général dâURSS, K. P. GorÅ¡enin, a adressé au ministre de lâIntérieur, S.N. [476] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union.
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